Product Information
Registration Status: ActiveCASTELLANI'S PAINT (STAINLESS) is approved to be sold in Singapore with effective from 1989-06-15. It is marketed by ICM PHARMA PTE LTD, with the registration number of SIN03372P.
This product contains Boric Acid 0.8% w/w,Phenol 4% w/w, and Resorcinol 8% w/w in the form of LIQUID. It is approved for TOPICAL use.
This product is manufactured by ICM PHARMA PTE LTD in SINGAPORE.
It is a Pharmacy Only Medicine that can be obtained from a pharmacist at a retail pharmacy.
Description
Boric acid, also known as hydrogen borate, is a weak monobasic Lewis acid of boron with the chemical formula H3BO3. Boric acid is typically utilized in industrial processing and manufacturing, but is also used as an additive in pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, lotions, soaps, mouthwash, toothpaste, astringents, and eyewashes [L2140]. It is known to exhibit some antibacterial activity against infections such as bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis [A32449].
Indication
No FDA- or EMA-approved therapeutic indications on its own.
Mechanism of Action
Information regarding the mechanism of action of boric acid in mediating its antibacterial or antifungal actions is limited. Boric acid inhibits biofilm formation and hyphal transformation of _Candida albicans_, which are critical virulence factors [A32457]. In addition, arrest of fungal growth was observed with the treatment of boric acid [A32457].
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- Boric acid is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, open wounds, and serous cavities but displays limited absorption in intact skin [L2140]. Following intraperitoneal injection in mice, the peak concentration was reached in about 1.0-1.5 hr in the brain whereas the value was 0.5 hr in other tissues [L2140].
- Distribution
- Volume of distribution ranges from 0.17 to 0.5 L/kg in humans, where large amounts of boric acid are localized in brain, liver, and kidney [L2140].
- Metabolism
- No metabolic pathways reported.
- Elimination
Clearance
A case report of acute boric acid poisoning following oral ingestion of 21 g of boric acid presents the total body clearance of 0.99 L/h before hemodialysis [A32450].
Toxicity
Acute oral LD50 is 2660 mg/kg in rat [MSDS]. Individuals are likely to be exposed to boric acid from industrial manufacturing or processing. Local tissue injury from boric acid exposure is likely due to caustic effects. Systemic effects from boric acid poisoning usually occur from multiple exposures over a period of days and involve gastrointestinal, dermal, CNS, and renal manifestations. Gastrointestinal toxicity include persistent nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain, hematemesis, and blue-green discoloration of the feces and vomit [L2140]. Following the onset of GI symptoms, a characteristic intense generalized erythroderma follows [L2140]. Management of mild to moderate toxicity should be supportive. In case of severe toxicity, dialysis may be required in addition to supportive treatment.
Active Ingredient/Synonyms
boracic acid | hydrogen borate | orthoboric acid | Boric acid |
Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.
Description
Phenol is an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. Phenol has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. Phenol is also used as an oral analgesic or anesthetic in products such as Chloraseptic to treat pharyngitis. Additionally, phenol and its related compounds are used in surgical ingrown toenail treatment, a process termed phenolization. Research indicates that parental exposure to phenol and its related compounds are positively associated with spontaneous abortion. During the second world war, phenol injections were used as a means of execution by the Nazis. Phenol is a toxic compound whose vapours are corrosive to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Indication
Phenol is primarily indicated for minor sore throat pain, sore mouth, minor mouth irritation, and pain associated with canker sores. Additionally, phenol is indicated in the treatment of focal spasticity.
Mechanism of Action
Phenol is a potent proteolytic agent. Concentrations in the 5% to 7% range dissolve tissue on contact via proteolysis. In high concentrations when injected next to a nerve, phenol produces a chemical neurolysis which is nonselective across nerve fiber size and most prominent on its outer aspect. Local anesthetic effects occur within 5-10 minutes.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- Phenol is rapidly absorbed through the skin and into the lungs.
- Distribution
- At I5 min after exposure, the liver contained the highest level of phenol, consisting mainly of free phenol. After 82 minutes post administration, phenol is uniformly distributed in the liver, blood, kidneys, lungs, along with the heart, testes, thymus and the spleen. With the passage of time, the proportion of free to conjugated phenol changed. By 360 minutes most phenol appears in conjugated forms.
- Metabolism
- Phenyl sulfate, phenyl glucuronide, quinol sulfate, and quinol glucuronide were detected in human beings as phenol metabolites.
- Elimination
Clearance
In rabbits, 72% is excreted in the urine, 1% in the feces, 4% in the carcass following sacrifice, and trace amounts were exhaled.
Toxicity
Mouse, Subcutaneous, LD50: 0.3-0.35 g/kg. (Duplay and Cazin, 1891; Tollens, 1905). Rat, Subcutaneous, LD50: 0.45. (Deichmann and Witherup, 1944). Rat, Oral, LD50: 0.53. (Deichmann and Witherup, 1944). Rat, Oral, LD50: 0.65. (Flickinger, 1976). Rat, Cutaneous, LD50: 0.67. (Conning and Hayes, 1970).
Active Ingredient/Synonyms
Acide carbolique | Acide phenique | Benzenol | Carbolic acid | Carbolsaeure | Hydroxybenzene | Karbolsaeure | Monohydroxybenzene | Oxybenzene | Phenic Acid | Phenol | Phenyl alcohol | Phenyl hydroxide | Phenylic Acid | Phenylic alcohol | PHOH | Phenol |
Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.
Description
A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium, such as the aqueous humor, and is used therapeutically as a diagnostic aid in corneal injuries and corneal trauma. It has been approved by FDA for use in externally applied drugs and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 12th ed; American Medical Association Drug Evaluations; 1995, p2275)
Indication
For diagnostic imaging. Primarily indicated in diagnostic fluorescein angiography or angioscopy of the fundus and of the iris vasculature.
Mechanism of Action
Fluorescein sodium is used extensively as a diagnostic tool in the field of ophthalmology. Fluorescein is a fluorescent compound or fluorophore having a maximum absorbance of 494 m and an emission maximum of 521 nm. The yellowish-green fluorescence of the compound can be used to demarcate the vascular area under observation, distinguishing it from adjacent areas. It is applied topically in the form of a drop or it can be injected intravenously to produce a fluorescein angiogram. Topical fluorescein is a useful tool in the diagnosis of corneal abrasions, corneal ulcers, herpetic corneal infections, and dry eye. Fluorescein angiography is used to diagnose and categorize macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory intraocular conditions, and intraocular tumors.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- Rapidly distributed
- Distribution
- * 0.5 L/kg
- Metabolism
- Elimination
Clearance
* renal cl=1.75 mL/min/kg [After IV administration] * hepatic cl=1.50 mL/min/kg [After IV administration]
Active Ingredient/Synonyms
3,6-fluorandiol | 3',6'-dihydroxyfluoran | 9-(o-carboxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-3-isoxanthenone | 9-(o-carboxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-one | C.I. Solvent Yellow 94 | D and C Yellow No. 7 | D&C Yellow No. 7 | Fluoresceine | Fluoreszein | Japan Yellow 201 | Resorcinolphthalein | Solvent Yellow 94 | Yellow fluorescein | Fluorescein |
Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.