Product Information
Registration Status: ActiveHUMULIN R INJECTION 100 IU/ML is approved to be sold in Singapore with effective from 1990-04-30. It is marketed by ELI LILLY (SINGAPORE) PTE LTD, with the registration number of SIN04286P.
This product contains Insulin (Human) 100 iu/ml in the form of INJECTION. It is approved for SUBCUTANEOUS, INTRAMUSCULAR use.
This product is manufactured by ELI LILLY in UNITED STATES.
It is a Pharmacy Only Medicine that can be obtained from a pharmacist at a retail pharmacy.
Description
Insulin human is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use. Inhalable insulin is a powdered form of insulin regular, delivered with a nebulizer into the lungs where it is absorbed. Exubera, developed by Inhale Therapeutics (later named Nektar Therapeutics), became the first inhaled insulin product to be marketed in 2006 by Pfizer, but poor sales led Pfizer to withdraw it in 2007. Afrezza, a monomeric inhaled insulin developed by Mannkind, was approved by the FDA in 2014.
Indication
Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Mechanism of Action
The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- Insulin is generally well absorbed.
- Distribution
- 0.15 L/kg
- Metabolism
- Insulin is predominantly cleared by metabolic degradation via a receptor-mediated process.
- Elimination
Toxicity
Hypoglycemia is one of the most frequent adverse events experienced by insulin users.
Active Ingredient/Synonyms
High molecular weight insulin human | Human insulin | human insulin (rDNA) | Insulin (human) | Insulin human [rDNA origin] | Insulin Human Regular | Insulin human regular (rDNA) | Insulin human, rDNA origin | Insulin recombinant human | Insulin recombinant purified human | Insulin regular | Insulin, human | Regular Insulin, human | Insulin Human |
Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.