Product Information
Registration Status: ActiveAKNEMYCIN PLUS SOLUTION is approved to be sold in Singapore with effective from 2000-04-02. It is marketed by ZUELLIG PHARMA PTE LTD, with the registration number of SIN11276P.
This product contains Erythromycin 4g/100g, and Tretinoin 0.025g/100 g in the form of SOLUTION. It is approved for TOPICAL use.
This product is manufactured by ALMIRALL HERMAL GmbH in GERMANY.
It is a Prescription Only Medicine that can only be obtained from a doctor or a dentist, or a pharmacist with a prescription from a Singapore-registered doctor or dentist.
Description
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly Streptomyces erythraeus). It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits; binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. Erythromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.
Indication
For use in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in the following diseases: respiratory tract infections (upper and lower) of mild to moderate degree, pertussis (whooping cough), as adjunct to antitoxin in infections due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, in the treatment of infections due to Corynebacterium minutissimum, intestinal amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica, acute pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, skin and soft tissue infections of mild to moderate severity caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, primary syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum, infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, nongonococcal urethritis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila.
Mechanism of Action
Erythromycin acts by penetrating the bacterial cell membrane and reversibly binding to the 50 S subunit of bacterial ribosomes or near the “P” or donor site so that binding of tRNA (transfer RNA) to the donor site is blocked. Translocation of peptides from the “A” or acceptor site to the “P” or donor site is prevented, and subsequent protein synthesis is inhibited. Erythromycin is effective only against actively dividing organisms. The exact mechanism by which erythmromycin reduces lesions of acne vulgaris is not fully known: however, the effect appears to be due in part to the antibacterial activity of the drug.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- Orally administered erythromycin base and its salts are readily absorbed in the microbiologically active form. Topical application of the ophthalmic ointment to the eye may result in absorption into the cornea and aqueous humor.
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Hepatic. Extensively metabolized - after oral administration, less than 5% of the administered dose can be recovered in the active form in the urine. Erythromycin is partially metabolized by CYP3A4 resulting in numerous drug interactions.
- Elimination
Toxicity
Symptoms of overdose include diarrhea, nausea, stomach cramps, and vomiting.
Active Ingredient/Synonyms
3''-O-demethylerythromycin | Abomacetin | Eritromicina | Erythromycin A | Erythromycin C | érythromycine | Erythromycinum | Erythromycin | Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate |
Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.
Description
Tretinoin, also known as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), is a naturally occurring derivative of vitamin A (retinol). Retinoids such as tretinoin are important regulators of cell reproduction, proliferation, and differentiation and are used to treat acne and photodamaged skin and to manage keratinization disorders such as ichthyosis and keratosis follicularis. Tretinoin also represents the class of anticancer drugs called differentiating agents and is used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
Indication
For the the induction of remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), French-American-British (FAB) classification M3 (including the M3 variant); For the topical treatment of acne vulgaris, flat warts and other skin conditions (psoriasis, ichthyosis congenita, icthyosis vulgaris, lamellar icthyosis, keratosis palmaris et plantaris, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, senile comedones, senile keratosis, keratosis follicularis (Darier's disease), and basal cell carcinomas.); For palliative therapy to improve fine wrinkling, mottled hyperpigmentation, roughness associated with photodamage.
Mechanism of Action
Tretinoin binds to alpha, beta, and gamma retinoic acid receptors (RARs). RAR-alpha and RAR-beta have been associated with the development of acute promyelocytic leukemia and squamous cell cancers, respectively. RAR-gamma is associated with retinoid effects on mucocutaneous tissues and bone. Although the exact mechanism of action of tretinoin is unknown, current evidence suggests that the effectiveness of tretinoin in acne is due primarily to its ability to modify abnormal follicular keratinization. Comedones form in follicles with an excess of keratinized epithelial cells. Tretinoin promotes detachment of cornified cells and the enhanced shedding of corneocytes from the follicle. By increasing the mitotic activity of follicular epithelia, tretinoin also increases the turnover rate of thin, loosely-adherent corneocytes. Through these actions, the comedo contents are extruded and the formation of the microcomedo, the precursor lesion of acne vulgaris, is reduced. Tretinoin is not a cytolytic agent but instead induces cytodifferentiation and decreased proliferation of APL cells in culture and in vivo. When Tretinoin is given systemically to APL patients, tretinoin treatment produces an initial maturation of the primitive promyelocytes derived from the leukemic clone, followed by a repopulation of the bone marrow and peripheral blood by normal, polyclonal hematopoietic cells in patients achieving complete remission (CR). The exact mechanism of action of tretinoin in APL is unknown.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- 1-31% (topical)
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Hepatic
- Elimination
Active Ingredient/Synonyms
(all-e)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid | 3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid (ecl) | Acide retinoique (french) (dsl) | AGN 100335 | All Trans Retinoic Acid | All Trans-Retinoic Acid | all-(e)-Retinoic acid | all-trans-beta-Retinoic acid | all-trans-Retinoic acid | all-trans-Tretinoin | all-trans-Vitamin a acid | all-trans-Vitamin a1 acid | ATRA | beta-Retinoic acid | Eudyna | RETINOIC acid | Retionic Acid | Ro 1-5488 | Stieva-a | trans-Retinoic acid | Tretin m | Tretinoin | Tretinoina | Trétinoïne | Tretinoine (french) (einecs) | Tretinoinum | Vitamin A acid | Tretinoin |
Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.