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APO-AMITRIPTYLINE TABLET 25mg

Product Information

Registration Status: Active

SIN00090P

APO-AMITRIPTYLINE TABLET 25mg is approved to be sold in Singapore with effective from 1988-03-15. It is marketed by PHARMAFORTE SINGAPORE PTE LTD, with the registration number of SIN00090P.

This product contains Amitriptyline 25mg in the form of TABLET, FILM-COATED. It is approved for ORAL use.

This product is manufactured by APOTEX INC in CANADA.

It is a Prescription Only Medicine that can only be obtained from a doctor or a dentist, or a pharmacist with a prescription from a Singapore-registered doctor or dentist.

Product Reference
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Description

Amitriptyline hydrochloride is a dibenzocycloheptene-derivative tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) and analgesic. TCAs are structurally similar to phenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with an alkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressed individuals, amitriptyline does not affect mood or arousal, but may cause sedation. In depressed individuals, amitriptyline exerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Tertiary amine TCAs, such as amitriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake than secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline. TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergic receptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptors with chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs are thought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergic neurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H1 receptors, α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, which accounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergic effects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), respectively. Amitriptyline may be used to treat depression, chronic pain (unlabeled use), irritable bowel syndrome (unlabeled use), diabetic neuropathy (unlabeled use), post-traumatic stress disorder (unlabeled use), and for migraine prophylaxis (unlabeled use).

Indication

- Indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults - Indicated for the management of neuropathic pain in adults - Indicated for the prophylactic treatment of chronic tension type headache (CTTH) in adults - Indicated for the prophylactic treatment of migraine in adults - Indicated for the the treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children aged 6 years and above when organic pathology, including spina bifida and related disorders, have been excluded and no response has been achieved to all other non-drug and drug treatments, including antispasmodics and vasopressin-related products. This medicinal product should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional with expertise in the management of persistent enuresis. -Other off-label uses include irritable bowel syndrome, sleep disorders, diabetic neuropathy, agitation and insomnia

Mechanism of Action

Amitriptyline has anticholinergic and sedative properties. It is metabolized to nortriptyline which inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin almost equally. Amitriptyline inhibits the membrane pump mechanism responsible for uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in adrenergic and serotonergic neurons [FDA Label]. Pharmacologically this action may potentiate or prolong neuronal activity since reuptake of these biogenic amines is important physiologically in terminating transmitting activity. This interference with the reuptake of norepinephrine and/or serotonin is believed by some to underlie the antidepressant activity of amitriptyline. There is some evidence in literature that neuronal and glial plasticity may be a critical action mediated by antidepressants via production of neurotrophic factors, such as GDNF, that promote neurogenesis, gliogenesis, development, plasticity, and survival [A31905]. In a study involving C6 glioma cells and normal human astrocytes, amitriptyline may activate the FGFR/FRS2α/ERK/CREB signaling cascade, thus resulting in GDNF production [A31905]. Amitriptyline displays affinity for muscarinic and histamine H1 receptors [FDA Label]. At both central and spinal cord level, amitriptyline exhibits ion-channel blocking effects on sodium, potassium and NMDA channel [FDA Label]. The noradrenaline, sodium and the NMDA effects are mechanisms known to be involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain, chronic tension type headache prophylaxis and migraine prophylaxis [FDA Label]. In cultured rat cortical neurons, amitriptyline blocked sodium channel current (I(Na)) in a concentration-dependent, not voltage-dependent manner and reduced mRNA expression of sodium channels [A31906]. This may explain the actions of amitriptyline leading to migraine prophylaxis.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption
Rapidly and well absorbed following oral administration (bioavailability is 30-60% due to first pass metabolism). Peak plasma concentrations occur 2-12 hours following oral or intramuscular administration. Amitriptyline and the main metabolite nortriptyline pass across the placental barrier and small amounts can be excreted with the breast milk [FDA Label].
Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution (Vd)β estimated after intravenous administration is 1221 L±280 L; range 769-1702 L (16±3 L/kg) [FDA Label].
Metabolism
Amitriptyline undergoes hepatic metabolism that mainly involves demethylation. Demethylation leads to the formation of its primary active metabolite, nortriptyline. This secondary amine retains a pharmacological activity. It can further undergo hydroxylation (mediated by CYP2D6) followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid. Other isozymes involved are CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. The metabolism is subject to genetic polymorphism [FDA Label]. Other metabolites such as cis- and trans-10-hydroxyamitriptyline and cis- and trans-10-hydroxynortriptyline have the same profile as nortriptyline but is considerably weaker.Demethylnortriptyline and amitriptyline N oxide are only present in plasma in minute amounts; the latter is almost inactive. All the metabolites are less anticholinergic than amitriptyline and nortriptyline. In plasma the amount of total 10-hydroxynortriptyline dominates but most of the metabolites are conjugated [FDA Label].
Elimination

Clearance

The mean systemic clearance (Cls) is 39.24 ± 10.18 L/h, range 24.53-53.73 L/h [FDA Label].

Toxicity

LD50=350 mg/kg (in mice). Symptoms of overdose include abnormally low blood pressure, confusion, convulsions, dilated pupils and other eye problems, disturbed concentration, drowsiness, hallucinations, impaired heart function, rapid or irregular heartbeat, reduced body temperature, stupor, and unresponsiveness or coma. Side effects include: sedation, hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, postural hypotension, tachycardia, hypertension, ECG changes, heart failure, impaired memory and delirium, and precipitation of hypomanic or manic episodes in bipolar depression. Withdrawal symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances, anxiety, and insomnia.

Active Ingredient/Synonyms

10,11-dihydro-5-(gamma-Dimethylaminopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo(a,D)cycloheptene | 10,11-dihydro-N,N-Dimethyl-5H-dibenzo(a,D)heptalene-delta(5),gamma-propylamine | 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-Dibenzo(a,D)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine | 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-Dibenzo[a,D]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine | 5-(3-Dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,D)cycloheptatriene | 5-(3-Dimethylaminopropylidene)-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,D)cycloheptene | 5-(gamma-Dimethylaminopropylidene)-5H-dibenzo[a,D][1,4]cycloheptadiene | Amitriptilina | Amitriptylin | Amitriptyline | Amitriptylinum | Amitriptyline |


Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.

References

  1. Health Science Authority of Singapore - Reclassified POM
  2. Drugbank

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