Product Information
Registration Status: ActiveCONCOR AMLO TABLET 5mg/ 5mg is approved to be sold in Singapore with effective from 2016-06-21. It is marketed by MERCK PTE LTD, with the registration number of SIN15033P.
This product contains Bisoprolol 5mg, and Amlodipine 5mg in the form of TABLET. It is approved for ORAL use.
This product is manufactured by EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC (Bokenyfoldi) in HUNGARY.
It is a Prescription Only Medicine that can only be obtained from a doctor or a dentist, or a pharmacist with a prescription from a Singapore-registered doctor or dentist.
Description
Bisoprolol is a cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocking agent used for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, angina pectoris and mild to moderate hypertension. Bisoprolol is structurally similar to metoprolol, acebutolol and atenolol in that it has two substituents in the para position of the benzene ring. The β1-selectivity of these agents is thought to be due in part to the large substituents in the para position. At lower doses (less than 20 mg daily), bisoprolol selectively blocks cardiac β1-adrenergic receptors with little activity against β2-adrenergic receptors of the lungs and vascular smooth muscle. Receptor selectivity decreases with daily doses of 20 mg or greater. Unlike propranolol and pindolol, bisoprolol does not exhibit membrane-stabilizing or sympathomimetic activity. Bisoprolol possesses a single chiral centre and is administered as a racemic mixture. Only l-bisoprolol exhibits significant β-blocking activity.
Indication
For management of heart failure, angina pectoris, and mild to moderate hypertension and for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI).
Mechanism of Action
Bisoprolol selectively blocks catecholamine stimulation of β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle. This results in a reduction of heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and possibly reflex orthostatic hypotension. At higher doses (e.g. 20 mg and greater) bisoprolol may competitively block β2-adrenergic receptors in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle causing bronchospasm and vasodilation.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- Well absorbed. Bioavailability > 80%. Absorption is not affected by food. Peak plasma concentrations occur within 2-4 hours.
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Approximately 50% of the dose is metabolized primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 to inactive metabolites. In vitro studies have shown that bisoprolol is also metabolized by CYP2D6 though this does not appear to be clinically significant. Approximately half the administered dose is excreted in unchanged in urine.
- Elimination
Toxicity
Oral, mouse: LD50 = 100 mg/kg; Skin, rabbit: LD50 = 200 mg/kg; Skin, rat: LD50 = 500 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include congestive heart failure (marked by sudden weight gain, swelling of the legs, feet, and ankles, fatigue, and shortness of breath), difficult or labored breathing, low blood pressure, low blood sugar, and slow heartbeat.
Active Ingredient/Synonyms
(+-)-1-((alpha-(2-Isopropoxyethoxy)-P-tolyl)oxy)-3-(isopropylamino)-2-propanol | (RS)-1-(4-(2-isopropoxyethoxymethyl)phenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)-2-propanol | Bisoprolol | Bisoprololum | Bisoprolol |
Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.
Description
Amlodipine is a long-acting 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It acts primarily on vascular smooth muscle cells by stabilizing voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in their inactive conformation. By inhibiting the influx of calcium in smooth muscle cells, amlodipine prevents calcium-dependent myocyte contraction and vasoconstriction. A second proposed mechanism for the drug’s vasodilatory effects involves pH-dependent inhibition of calcium influx via inhibition of smooth muscle carbonic anhydrase. Some studies have shown that amlodipine also exerts inhibitory effects on voltage-gated N-type calcium channels. N-type calcium channels located in the central nervous system may be involved in nociceptive signaling and pain sensation. Amlodipine is used to treat hypertension and chronic stable angina.
Indication
For the treatment of hypertension and chronic stable angina.
Mechanism of Action
Amlodipine decreases arterial smooth muscle contractility and subsequent vasoconstriction by inhibiting the influx of calcium ions through L-type calcium channels. Calcium ions entering the cell through these channels bind to calmodulin. Calcium-bound calmodulin then binds to and activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Activated MLCK catalyzes the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain subunit of myosin, a key step in muscle contraction. Signal amplification is achieved by calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors. Inhibition of the initial influx of calcium decreases the contractile activity of arterial smooth muscle cells and results in vasodilation. The vasodilatory effects of amlodipine result in an overall decrease in blood pressure. Amlodipine is a long-acting CCB that may be used to treat mild to moderate essential hypertension and exertion-related angina (chronic stable angina). Another possible mechanism is that amlodipine inhibits vascular smooth muscle carbonic anhydrase I activity causing cellular pH increases which may be involved in regulating intracelluar calcium influx through calcium channels.
Pharmacokinetics
- Absorption
- Amlodipine is slowly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma concentrations are reached 6-12 hour following oral administration. Its estimated bioavailability is 64-90%. Absorption is not affected by food.
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Hepatic. Metabolized extensively (90%) to inactive metabolites via the cytochrome P450 3A4 isozyme.
- Elimination
Toxicity
Gross overdosage could result in excessive peripheral vasodilatation and possibly reflex tachycardia. Marked and probably prolonged systemic hypotension up to an including shock with fatal outcome have been reported.
Active Ingredient/Synonyms
(RS)-3-ethyl 5-methyl 2-[(2-aminoethoxy)methyl]-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate | 3-Ethyl 5-methylester, (±)-2-[(2-aminoethoxy)methyl]-4-(o-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate | 3-Ethyl-5-methyl (+-)-2-(2-aminoethoxymethyl)-4-(O-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate | Amlodipine | Amlodipine free base | Amlodipino | Amlodipinum | Amlodipine |
Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.