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SUBOXONE 2MG/0.5MG SUBLINGUAL TABLET

Product Information

Registration Status: Active

SIN13404P

SUBOXONE 2MG/0.5MG SUBLINGUAL TABLET is approved to be sold in Singapore with effective from 2008-01-28. It is marketed by ZUELLIG PHARMA PTE LTD, with the registration number of SIN13404P.

This product contains Buprenorphine 2.16MG, and Naloxone 0.61MG in the form of TABLET, ORALLY DISINTEGRATING. It is approved for SUBLINGUAL use.

This product is manufactured by RECKITT BENCKISER HEALTHCARE (UK) LTD in UNITED KINGDOM.

It is a Prescription Only Medicine that can only be obtained from a doctor or a dentist, or a pharmacist with a prescription from a Singapore-registered doctor or dentist.

Product Reference
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Description

Buprenorphine is a derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent (25 - 40 times) and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.

Indication

For the treatment of moderate to severe pain, peri-operative analgesia, and opioid dependence.

Mechanism of Action

Buprenorphine's analgesic effect is due to partial agonist activity at mu-opioid receptors. Buprenorphine is also a kappa-opioid receptor antagonist. The partial agonist activity means that opioid receptor antagonists (e.g., an antidote such as naloxone) only partially reverse the effects of buprenorphine. The binding to the mu and kappa receptors results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. Furthermore, buprenorphine slowly dissociates from its receptor. This observation would account for the longer duration of action compared to morphine, the unpredictability of its reversal by opioid antagonists, and its low level of manifest physical dependence. Its receptor fixation half life is 40 minutes which is significantly longer than morphine (milliseconds).

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption
31% bioavailability (sublingual). Sublingual absorption is also dependent on pH. The length of time the tablet is under the tongue has little effect on absorption. Although buprenorphine is rapidly absorbed from the oral mucosa, the absorption into the systemic is slower. The time to reach peak plasma concentration (Tmax) varies between individuals (range of 40 minutes to 3.5 hours). How buprenorphine is formulated does not affect this pharmacokinetic parameter. It also undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and as a consequence, has very low oral bioavailability. Coadministration with naloxone does not effect the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine.
Distribution
Buprenorphine is very lipophillic and is thus highly distributed. The estimated volume of distribution is 188 - 335 L when given intravenously. It is able to cross into the placenta and breast milk.
Metabolism
Hepatic. Buprenorphine undergoes both N-dealkylation to norbuprenorphine and glucuronidation. The N-dealkylation pathway is mediated by cytochrome P-450 3A4 isozyme. Norbuprenorphine, an active metabolite and has one-fifth of the pharmacologic activity of the parent compound, can further undergo glucuronidation.
Elimination

Clearance

Clearance may be higher in children than in adults. Plasma clearance rate, IV administration, anaesthetized patients = 901.2 ± 39.7 mL/min; Plasma clearance rate, IV administration, healthy subjects = 1042 - 1280 mL/min.

Toxicity

Manifestations of acute overdose include pinpoint pupils, sedation, hypotension, respiratory depression and death.

Active Ingredient/Synonyms

(−)-buprenorphine | 17-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5α-epoxy-7α-((S)-1-hydroxy-1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)-6-methoxy-6,14-endo-ethanomorphinan-3-ol | 2-(N-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5α-epoxy-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-6,14-endo-ethanomorphinan-6α-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol | 2-[3-cyclopropylmethyl-11-hydroxy-15-methoxy-(14R)-13-oxa-3-azahexacyclo[13.2.2.12,8.01,6.06,14.07,12]icosa-7,9,11-trien-16-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol | 21-cyclopropyl-7α-[(S)-1-hydroxy-1,2,2-trimethylpropyl]-6,14-endo-ethano-6,7,8,14-tetrahydrooripavine | Buprenophine | Buprenorfina | Buprenorphinum | Buprenorphine |


Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.


Description

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist medication used to block or reverse the effects of opioid drugs, particularly within the setting of drug overdoses which are rapidly becoming a leading cause of death worldwide. More specifically, naloxone has a high affinity for μ-opioid receptors, where it acts as an inverse agonist, causing the rapid removal of any other drugs bound to these receptors. When taken in large quantities, opioid medications such as morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, heroin, or fentanyl are capable of causing life-threatening symptoms such as respiratory depression, reduced heart rate, slurred speech, drowsiness, and constricted pupils. If untreated, this can progress to vomiting, absent pulse and breathing, loss of consciousness, and even death. Naloxone is indicated for the rapid reversal of these symptoms of central nervous system depression in opioid overdose. It's important to note that naloxone only works on opioid receptors within the body, and is therefore not capable of reversing the effects of non-opioid medications such as stimulants like methamphetamine or cocaine, or benzodiazepines like lorazepam or diazepam. Also known as the brand name product Narcan, naloxone is currently available by intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SubQ) injection, nasal spray, or intravenous (IV) infusion. Naloxone IM injections are commonly available in the form of "kits", which is ideal for making overdose treatment accessible and readily available for administration by minimally trained individuals within the community. Kits commonly include the supplies necessary to treat an overdose in a non-medical setting such as alcohol swabs, syringes, a rescue breathing mask, and instructions for use. Frequently also carried by medical and emergency personnel and at events known to be associated with heavy drug use like music festivals, naloxone kits are considered a key component of harm reduction strategies. When injected intramuscularly (IM), naloxone acts within 3-5 minutes and can last from 30-60 minutes before its effects wear off. Administration of naloxone is associated with very few side effects. Notably, if injected into a person not currently using opioid medications, there would be no noticeable effects at all. However, for individuals using opioid medications or experiencing an overdose, IM injection of naloxone rapidly reverses opioid effects and can cause the injected individual to immediately experience withdrawal symptoms. Common symptoms of opioid withdrawal include nausea, vomiting, sweating, runny nose, aches, and diarrhea. Although certainly physically uncomfortable, opioid withdrawal symptoms are not life-threatening like they are for alcohol withdrawals. Administration of naloxone is therefore appropriate for any person appearing to have any symptoms of an opioid overdose. Due to its short duration of action, person's injected with naloxone should be monitored for responsiveness and potentially injected a second time or taken to the hospital. Naloxone is also available within the combination product Suboxone with the opioid medication buprenorphine. Suboxone is used for the maintentance treatment of opioid dependence and addiction. When taken orally, naloxone has no pharmacological effect and does not reduce the effectiveness of the opioid effect of buprenorphine. The primary purpose of including naloxone within Suboxone is to act as a deterrent to injection, as injected naloxone would rapidly reverse the effects of buprenorphine.

Indication

For the complete or partial reversal of narcotic depression, including respiratory depression, induced by opioids including natural and synthetic narcotics, propoxyphene, methadone and the narcotic-antagonist analgesics: nalbuphine, pentazocine and butorphanol. It is also indicated for the diagnosis of suspected acute opioid overdose. It may also be used as an adjunctive agent to increase blood pressure in the management of septic shock.

Mechanism of Action

While the mechanism of action of naloxone is not fully understood, the preponderance of evidence suggests that naloxone antagonizes the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites, especially the mu-opioid receptor. Recently, naloxone has been shown to bind all three opioid receptors (mu, kappa and gamma) but the strongest binding is to the mu receptor.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption
Tmax: 0.4mg IM injection = 0.38 hr Nasal spray (one 2mg spray) = 0.33 hr Nasal spray (one 4mg spray) = 0.50 hr Cmax: 0.4mg IM injection = 0.88 ng/mL Nasal spray (one 2mg spray) = 2.91 ng/mL Nasal spray (one 4mg spray) = 4.83 ng/mL
Distribution
Following parenteral administration naloxone hydrochloride is rapidly distributed in the body. Naloxone is also very lipophillic and easily crosses the blood-brain-barrier. It can also cross the placenta.
Metabolism
Naloxone is hepatically metabolized and primarily undergoes glucuronidation to form naloxone-3-glucuronide.
Elimination

Toxicity

LD50, IV administration, mouse = 150 ± 5 mg/kg; LD50, IV administration, rat = 109 ± 4 mg/kg;

Active Ingredient/Synonyms

(−)-naloxone | 1-N-Allyl-14-hydroxynordihydromorphinone | 17-allyl-3,14-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxymorphinan-6-one | Nalossone | Naloxona | Naloxone | Naloxonum | Naloxone |


Source of information: Drugbank (External Link). Last updated on: 3rd July 18. *Trade Name used in the content below may not be the same as the HSA-registered product.

References

  1. Health Science Authority of Singapore - Reclassified POM
  2. Drugbank

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